![]() ![]() Non-parametric and Robust Methods 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The median: initial data analysis 6.3 The sign test 6.4 The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test 6.5 The Wilcoxon signed rank test 6.6 Simple tests for two independent samples 6.7 Non-parametric tests for more than two samples 6.8 Rank correlation 6.9 Non-parametric regression methods 6.10 Robust methods: introduction 6.11 Simple robust methods: trimming and winsorization 6.12 Further robust estimates of location and spread 6.13 Robust ANOVA 6.14 Robust regression methods 6.15 Re-sampling statistics 6.16 Conclusions 7. Calibration Methods in Instumental Analysis 5.1 Introduction: instrumentational analysis 5.2 Calibration graphs in instrumental analysis 5.3 The product-moment correlation coefficient 5.4 The line of regression of y on x 5.5 Errors in the slope and intercept of the regression line 5.6 Calculation of a concentration and its random error 5.7 Limits of detection 5.8 The method of standard additions 5.9 Use of regression lines for comparing analytical methods 5.10 Weighted regression lines 5.11 Intersection of two straight lines 5.12 ANOVA and regression calculations 5.13 Curvilinear regression methods - Introduction 5.14 Curve fitting 5.15 Outliers in regression 6. The Quality of Analytical Measurements 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sampling 4.3 Separation and estimation of variances using ANOVA 4.4 Sampling strategy 4.5 Quality control methods - Introduction 4.6 Stewhart charts for mean values 4.7 Stewhart charts for ranges 4.8 Establishing the process capability 4.9 Average run length: cusum charts 4.10 Zone control charts (J-charts) 4.11 Proficiency testing schemes 4.12 Method performance studies (collaborative trials) 4.13 Uncertainty 4.14 Acceptable sampling 4.15 Method validation 5. ![]() Significance Tests 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Comparison of an experimental mean with a known value 3.3 Comparison of two experimental means 3.4 Paired t-test 3.5 One-sided and two-sided tests 3.6 F-test for the comparison of standard deviations 3.7 Outliers 3.8 Analysis of variance 3.9 Comparison of several means 3.10 The arithmetic of ANOVA calculations 3.11 The chi-squared test 3.12 Testing for normality of distribution 3.13 Conclusions from significance tests 3.14 Bayesian Statistics 4. Statistics of Repeated Measurements 2.1 Mean and standard deviation 2.2 The distribution of repeated measurements 2.3 Log-normal distribution 2.4 Definition of a 'sample' 2.5 The sampling distribution of the mean 2.6 Confidence limits of the mean for large samples 2.7 Confidence limits of the mean for small samples 2.8 Presentation of results 2.9 Other uses of confidence limits 2.10 Confidence limits of the geometric mean for a log-normal distribution 2.11 Propagation of random errors 2.12 Propagation of systematic errors 3. Introduction 1.1 Analytical problems 1.2 Errors in qunatitative analysis 1.3 Types of error 1.4 Random and systematic errors in titrimetric analysis 1.5 Handling systematic errors 1.6 Planning and design of experiments 1.7 Calculators and computers in statistical calculations 2. These interferences can be evaluated and eliminated with the proposed method and the peaks can be used in the analysis.ฤก. Due to the fact that most spectra are characterised by a high number of absorbance peaks, spectral interferences may occur so that some peaks cannot be used for quantitative analysis. An absorbances correction method is proposed to correct spectral interferences. ![]() The granulometric study suggests that the homogeneity of particle size is important. The influence of particle size (pulverised samples) on the accuracy of the results found by FTIR spectroscopy applying the constant ratio method has been studied. The suggested method uses potassium ferricyanide (2115 cm โ1 ) as standard and samples are prepared as potassium bromide pellets, with statistically satisfactory results (relative standard deviation less than 5%). The studied method is applied for quantitative analysis of calcite and quartz in geological samples. ![]() A methodology for quantifying calcium carbonate (875 and 712 cm โ1 ) and silica (798 and 779 cm โ1 ) by FTIR spectroscopy applying the constant ratio method is proposed. ![]()
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